The next-generation personal robots will possess cognitive and motor intelligence that can enhance human interaction. However, the current AI and robotics paradigms require additional resources to achieve performance and reasoning abilities similar to those of humans. The EU-funded PRIMI project integrates research from neurophysiology, psychology and machine intelligence to formulate models for higher-order cognitive capabilities. The aim is to usher in a new era of autonomous technologies that exhibit enhanced precision, speed and safety in real-time learning and adaptation processes. PRIMI envisions a transformative impact on AI and robotics, accomplished by the development of socially interactive autonomous robots. To validate this vision, prototypes of neuromorphic humanoid robots will undergo clinical pilot studies focusing on stroke rehabilitation.